A quick google search took me to a vmware KB article (https://kb.vmware.com/s/article/2146361) that lists the cause as "This issue occurs because Device Guard or Credential Guard is incompatible with Workstation." The fix, however, leads to a more general cause - VMware Workstation isn't compatible with Hyper-V. When reading through the fix, the advice starts with instructions for explicitly disabling the "device guard" feature. But then later on, the instructions state to uninstall the Hyper-V role completely. A few more google searches led me to discussion groups where people see issues running the two hypervisors on the same pc. It seems odd in 2018 that this would be an issue, but it seems to be true.
There was a time when I would have done this as I generally prefer the way Workstation handles vms and networking to hyper-v on a laptop. The problem here is that Docker for Windows 10 uses Hyper-V. So the decision isn't just VMware Workstation or Hyper-V, it's VMware workstation vs. Hyper-V AND Docker. Since I'm doing more with learning containers, I elected to not use VMware workstation.